Solar Eclipse Prime Page

Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23 (1222 Feb 23 BCE)

Fred Espenak

Introduction

The Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23 (1222 Feb 23 BCE) is visible from the geographic regions shown on the map to the right. Click on the map to enlarge it. For an explanation of the features appearing in the map, see Key to Solar Eclipse Maps.

The instant of greatest eclipse takes place on -1221 Feb 23 at 06:57:53 TD (22:47:43 UT1). This is 6.8 days before the Moon reaches perigee. During the eclipse, the Sun is in the constellation Pisces. The synodic month in which the eclipse takes place has a Brown Lunation Number of -38884.

The eclipse belongs to Saros 30 and is number 47 of 83 eclipses in the series. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s descending node. The Moon moves northward with respect to the node with each succeeding eclipse in the series and gamma increases.

The annular solar eclipse of -1221 Feb 23 is preceded two weeks earlier by a penumbral lunar eclipse on -1221 Feb 07, and it is followed two weeks later by a penumbral lunar eclipse on -1221 Mar 09.

These eclipses all take place during a single eclipse season.

The eclipse predictions are given in both Terrestrial Dynamical Time (TD) and Universal Time (UT1). The parameter ΔT is used to convert between these two times (i.e., UT1 = TD - ΔT). ΔT has a value of 29409.9 seconds for this eclipse. The uncertainty in ΔT is 1115.6 seconds corresponding to a standard error in longitude of the eclipse path of ± 4.66°.

The following links provide maps and data for the eclipse.

Orthographic Map: Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23 - global map of eclipse visibility
Google Map: Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23 - interactive map of the eclipse path
Path Table: Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23 - coordinates of the central line and path limits
Circumstances Table: Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23 - eclipse times for hundreds of cities
Saros 30 Table - data for all eclipses in the Saros series

The tables below contain detailed predictions and additional information on the Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23 .

Eclipse Data: Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23

Eclipse Characteristics
Parameter	Value
Eclipse Magnitude	0.99180
Eclipse Obscuration	0.98366
Gamma	-0.10466

Conjunction Times
Event	Calendar Date and Time	Julian Date
Greatest Eclipse	-1221 Feb 23 at 06:57:52.6 TD (22:47:42.7 UT1)	1275140.449800
Ecliptic Conjunction	-1221 Feb 23 at 06:59:02.5 TD (22:48:52.6 UT1)	1275140.450609
Equatorial Conjunction	-1221 Feb 23 at 06:55:01.7 TD (22:44:51.8 UT1)	1275140.447822

Geocentric Coordinates of Sun and Moon
-1221 Feb 23 at 06:57:52.6 TD (22:47:42.7 UT1)
Coordinate	Sun	Moon
Right Ascension	21h42m06.7s	21h42m12.6s
Declination	-14°02'25.2"	-14°08'13.4"
Semi-Diameter	15'58.4"	15'35.5"
Eq. Hor. Parallax	08.8"	0°57'13.4"

Geocentric Libration of Moon
Angle	Value
l	-4.7°
b	0.2°
c	-21.1°

Prediction Paramaters
Paramater	Value
Ephemerides	JPL DE406
ΔT	29409.9 s
k (penumbra)	0.2725076
k (umbra)	0.2722810
Saros Series	30 (47/83)

Explanation of Solar Eclipse Data Tables

Penumbral Shadow Contacts and Extremes: Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23

Contacts of Penumbral Shadow with Earth
Contact Event	Contact	Time TD	Time UT1	Latitude	Longitude
First External Contact	P1	04:05:40.7	19:55:30.8	17°09.3'S	151°24.1'E
First Internal Contact	P2	06:09:41.1	21:59:31.3	26°35.0'S	117°38.4'E
Last Internal Contact	P3	07:46:09.9	23:36:00.0	00°13.6'N	079°20.7'W
Last External Contact	P4	09:49:59.1	01:39:49.2	09°41.4'N	112°41.4'W

Extreme Northern and Southern Path Limits of Penumbra
Contact Event	Contact	Time TD	Time UT1	Latitude	Longitude
North Extreme Path Limit 1	N1	05:11:24.9	21:01:15.1	12°22.3'N	142°33.3'E
South Extreme Path Limit 1	S1	05:39:17.9	21:29:08.0	52°38.7'S	113°17.0'E
North Extreme Path Limit 2	N2	08:44:06.1	00:33:56.2	38°57.9'N	105°25.4'W
South Extreme Path Limit 2	S2	08:16:42.4	00:06:32.5	26°29.9'S	079°46.4'W

Explanation of Penumbral Shadow Contacts and Extremes Tables

Umbral Shadow Contacts and Extremes: Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23

Contacts of Umbral Shadow with Earth
Contact Event	Contact	Time TD	Time UT1	Latitude	Longitude
First External Contact	U1	05:06:37.1	20:56:27.2	19°12.6'S	135°35.8'E
First Internal Contact	U2	05:08:11.9	20:58:02.0	19°17.6'S	135°10.7'E
Last Internal Contact	U3	08:47:37.6	00:37:27.7	07°33.0'N	096°33.2'W
Last External Contact	U4	08:49:06.3	00:38:56.4	07°37.7'N	096°56.6'W

Extreme Northern and Southern Path Limits of Umbra
Contact Event	Contact	Time TD	Time UT1	Latitude	Longitude
North Extreme Path Limit 1	N1	05:07:14.1	20:57:04.2	18°51.5'S	135°32.5'E
South Extreme Path Limit 1	S1	05:07:35.0	20:57:25.1	19°38.7'S	135°13.9'E
North Extreme Path Limit 2	N2	08:48:31.5	00:38:21.7	07°57.5'N	096°52.9'W
South Extreme Path Limit 2	S2	08:48:12.3	00:38:02.4	07°13.2'N	096°36.8'W

Explanation of Umbral Shadow Contacts and Extremes Tables

Central Line Extremes and Duration: Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23

Extreme Limits of the Central Line
Contact Event	Contact	Time TD	Time UT1	Latitude	Longitude
Extreme Central Line Limit 1	C1	05:07:24.5	20:57:14.6	19°15.1'S	135°23.2'E
Extreme Central Line Limit 2	C2	08:48:22.0	00:38:12.1	07°35.3'N	096°44.9'W

Explanation of Central Line Extremes Table

Greatest Eclipse and Greatest Duration
Event	Time TD	Time UT1	Latitude	Longitude	Sun Altitude	Sun Azimuth	Path Width	Central Duration
Greatest Eclipse	06:57:52.6	22:47:42.7	19°59.7'S	081°25.6'E	83.9°	346.1°	29.0 km	00m52.91s
Greatest Duration	05:07:24.5	20:57:14.6	19°15.1'S	135°23.2'E	0.0°	104.9°	92.4 km	01m32.47s

Explanation of Greatest Eclipse and Greatest Duration

Polynomial Besselian Elements: Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23

Polynomial Besselian Elements
-1221 Feb 23 at 07:00:00.0 TD (=t0)
n	x	y	d	l1	l2	μ
0	0.04346	-0.09711	-14.0396	0.55307	0.00687	280.6227
1	0.52453	0.12850	0.0133	-0.00012	-0.00012	15.0026
2	-0.00001	0.00010	0.0000	-0.00001	-0.00001	0.0000
3	-0.00001	-0.00000	-	-	-	-

Tan ƒ1	0.0046699
Tan ƒ2	0.0046466

At time t1 (decimal hours), each besselian element is evaluated by:

x = x0 + x1*t + x2*t² + x3*t³ (or x = Σ [xn*tⁿ]; n = 0 to 3)

where: t = t1 - t0 (decimal hours) and t0 = 7.000

Explanation of Polynomial Besselian Elements

Links for the Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23 (1222 Feb 23 BCE)

Orthographic Map: Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23 - global map of eclipse visibility
Google Map: Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23 - interactive map of the eclipse path
Path Table: Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23 - coordinates of the central line and path limits
Circumstances Table: Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23 - eclipse times for hundreds of cities
Saros 30 Table - data for all eclipses in the Saros series
Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23 - Google search for links to this eclipse

Links to Additional Solar Eclipse Information

Home - home page of EclipseWise with predictions for both solar and lunar eclipses

Solar Eclipses - primary page for solar eclipse predictions
Solar Eclipse Links - detailed directory of links

Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses - covers the years -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE)
Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses - covers Saros series -30 through 190
World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Maps - index page
Solar Eclipse Search Engine - search for solar eclipses from -1999 to +3000
Javascript Solar Eclipse Explorer - calculate all solar eclipses visible from a city

Thousand Year Canon of Solar Eclipses 1501 to 2500 - link to the publication

MrEclipse.com - eclipse resources and tips on photography
Solar Eclipses for Beginners - a primer on solar eclipse basics
MrEclipse Photo Index - an index of solar eclipse photographs

Calendar

The Gregorian calendar (also called the Western calendar) is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named for Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in 1582. On this website, the Gregorian calendar is used for all calendar dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates.

The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..

Eclipse Predictions

Predictions for the Annular Solar Eclipse of -1221 Feb 23 were generated using the JPL DE406 solar and lunar ephemerides. The lunar coordinates were calculated with respect to the Moon's Center of Mass. The predictions are given in both Terrestrial Dynamical Time (TD) and Universal Time (UT1). The parameter ΔT is used to convert between these two times (i.e., UT1 = TD - ΔT). ΔT has a value of 29409.9 seconds for this eclipse. The uncertainty in ΔT is 1115.6 seconds corresponding to a standard error in longitude of the eclipse path of ± 4.66°.

Acknowledgments

Some of the content on this website is based on the book Thousand Year Canon of Solar Eclipses 1501 to 2500. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy.

Permission is granted to reproduce eclipse data when accompanied by a link to this page and an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, www.EclipseWise.com"

The use of diagrams and maps is permitted provided that they are NOT altered (except for re-sizing) and the embedded credit line is NOT removed or covered.